Prostate cancer

Overview

Prostate cancer develops in the prostate, a gland involved in male reproduction. Because behavior ranges from indolent to aggressive, the right approach depends on the individual, not on a single rule.

Causes and risk factors

Risk is influenced by age, family history, genetics, and other factors. Having a risk factor does not mean cancer is present, and screening decisions should be discussed with a clinician.

How it is assessed

Assessment may include a physical examination, a PSA blood test, imaging such as MRI, and a biopsy. Results are interpreted together to estimate risk and guide options.

Management options

Options may include active surveillance, surgery, radiation therapy, hormone-based treatment, or other approaches depending on the cancer’s characteristics and the person’s health and preferences. Treatment names should link to reviewed pages rather than being presented as universally suitable.

Questions to ask a clinician

• What do my test results suggest about risk?
• Is active surveillance a reasonable option for me?
• What are the benefits and trade-offs of each treatment?
• How would each option affect daily life?
• What follow-up would I need?